This article analyzes the role and methodological approaches of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the formation of independent English language learning competence in higher education institutions. Independent learning competence refers to a student's ability to self-develop, independently acquire language skills, and effectively use digital tools. The article proposes a methodology for individualizing the learning process, increasing motivation, and developing metacognitive strategies using AI tools — chat bots, language applications, and automatic analysis platforms. The effectiveness of the methodology is also assessed based on experimental observations and recommendations are made for its application in the local educational context.

This article highlights the social situation in the country during the rise of the Democratic Party to power in Turkey, the socio-economic life in rural areas, and the negative factors influencing the activities of Turkish farmers.

This article studies the morphometric changes observed in the wall of the ventricles of the heart of offspring born to parents with diabetes. In the experimental study, the structure of cardiac cardiomyocyte cells, capillary network, and myocardium was analyzed. According to the results, thickening of the heart wall, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and an increase in the amount of interstitial connective tissue were detected in diabetic offspring. These changes were evaluated as early morphological signs of functional disorders in the heart. The results of the experimental study can serve as a scientific and practical basis for studying the effect of diabetes on the structure of the heart of offspring based on in-depth scientific results and developing measures to eliminate the complications and consequences of maternal diabetes in the heart of the offspring.

This scientific study analyzes the development of modern educational processes based on international norms and indicators, as well as their adaptation to local conditions. It examines legal education approaches widely applied in global practice, particularly the design of curricula based on competencies, the expansion of academic freedom, and the strengthening of mechanisms for monitoring education quality. These aspects are studied in comparison with reforms in national education policy. In addition, the research explores the challenges that arise in aligning the national legal system with global standards, their socio-legal consequences, and possible solutions. The theoretical foundation of the study is based on the documents of international organizations in the field of education, advanced foreign experiences, and the requirements of national legislation. As a result, conceptual directions have been developed for achieving high-quality indicators in the legal field through improving the content and methodology of education, enhancing staff qualifications, and expanding international cooperation.

This article analyzes the role of international experience and cooperation in ensuring transparency in public administration in Uzbekistan. It examines the mechanisms of implementing openness policies in different countries, particularly in the Scandinavian states, the United States, and the European Union, highlighting their advantages and effective aspects. The study also explores Uzbekistan’s recent reforms aimed at promoting transparency, including the development of the e-government system, the open data portal, the establishment of People’s Reception Offices, and cooperation with international organizations. The article emphasizes the necessity of adapting international practices to local conditions and proposes prospective directions for further advancement of transparency policies.

This article explores the multifaceted transformation of personal culture within the evolving framework of the information society. It analyzes how globalization, digital technologies, and mediated communication reshape individual identity, interpersonal relationships, and local cultural traditions. While digital connectivity facilitates cross-cultural exchange and global awareness, it also poses risks such as cultural homogenization, identity fragmentation, and ethical dilemmas, including privacy erosion and cultural appropriation. Drawing upon contemporary sociological and philosophical perspectives, the study emphasizes the paradoxical nature of cultural change in digital environments—offering unprecedented opportunities for self-expression and diversity, yet simultaneously undermining authentic cultural continuity. The paper calls for a critical reassessment of ethical engagement, digital literacy, and cultural preservation strategies in response to these shifting paradigms.

In Arthur Schopenhauer's The World of Will, the concepts of will and imagination are interpreted as the main points of philosophy. Will is seen as the metaphysical essence of the world, and imagination as its appearance. Schopenhauer's philosophy, inspired by Eastern teachings, in particular Buddhism and Hinduism, creates a synthesis with Western metaphysics, emphasizing the irrational force of will, which leads to suffering in human life. He believes that freedom can be achieved through art, morality, and asceticism. This philosophy was revolutionary in its time, influencing Nietzsche, Freud, and existentialism.

The “Work for Hire” doctrine is an important concept in the field of intellectual property rights (especially copyright), which determines who owns and who owns the rights to works produced for payment or contract for the performance of work. Although this doctrine developed mainly in US law, its influence is felt globally. In English law, copyright was primarily viewed as a personal right. Copyright belonged to the creator of the work, who had full rights over his work. However, the concept of the ownership of copyright by the employer (for example, work performed by an employee or employee) began to find its place in English law, especially for production and work performed under certain contracts. The following is an analysis of the main stages in the historical development of the work for hire doctrine.

This article covers the attitude of philosophers during the medieval eastern Awakening and Western Renaissance to the phenomenon of morality. Within the framework of the Islamic Enlightenment formed between the 9th and 12th centuries, such great thinkers as Abu Nasr Farabi, Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd and al–Ghazzali studied the topic of morality not only from a religious-philosophical point of view, but also from a social, political and pedagogical point of view. The Western Renaissance, on the other hand, brought moral concepts to a new level throughout Europe through the enlightened revolution that began in Italy in the 14th and 16th centuries. Thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas, Dante Alighieri, Erazm Rotterdam, and Nicollo Machiavelli interpreted Ethics in different directions in the process of moving from religious thought to a secular worldview. The article will conduct a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences of the two periods and highlight the harmony of the phenomenon of morality with Dionate, political events, cultural development and science. As a result, the modern relevance of this heritage, which was formed during the medieval eastern Awakening and the Western Renaissance, is also shown.

In the Department of Surgery for Congenital Heart Defects, surgical correction of abnormal pulmonary vein drainage was performed in 221 patients. Echocardiographic examination was performed in all 221 (100%) operated patients before correction and in 119 (53.85%) patients in the long term after surgery. The comparative results of echocardiography with preoperative data obtained in 119 patients in the period from 1 year to 10 (on average, 6.7±0.16) years were studied in this scientific study. At the same time, on the basis of Echocardiography, analyzing their own material, the authors tried to assess the adequacy of the performed operation. For this purpose, the echocardiogram was examined before and after surgery in the long term. The aim of the study was to study the dynamics of echocardiographic parameters in the long term after surgical treatment of abnormal possession of pulmonary veins.

This study examines the historical evolution and state policy of cultural relations between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the countries of the Francophonie. It examines the main stages of the development of bilateral cultural cooperation, highlighting the exchange of ideas, traditions and values. The study examines Uzbekistan's strategic initiatives to strengthen cultural diplomacy with French-speaking countries, focusing on such areas as education, art, heritage preservation and language cooperation. In addition, the article examines the role of international organizations and cultural treaties in the development of these relations. Analyzing the impact of these relations on the global cultural presence of Uzbekistan, the article emphasizes the importance of cultural diplomacy as a tool for international cooperation and mutual understanding.

The role of independent learning in ensuring the effectiveness of students' learning in the digital education technology environment is of great importance. Independent learning has always been an important link in the education system. In particular, in the homes of Eastern Muslim scholars, the main learning was carried out through independent learning. The fact that the word “madrasah” originated in Uzbekistan and, according to the analysis of scientific sources, it was precisely thanks to this independent learning that Abu Nasr Al-Farabi acquired the ability to communicate in 72 languages, indicates the relevance of this education. Thanks to independent learning, Aristotle explained and explained the works to us. The correct organization of independent learning is considered a factor in the rapid progress of all sectors in developed countries, which increases our need for international frameworks for the integration of these tested technological programs in our country. The main task of higher education institutions is to turn the theoretical ideas from scientific sources, which have been proved in the experience, into labor market goods in real practice, and to market these goods and to commercialize finished goods, that is, to turn them into financial income. The presented analyses prove that independent learning is the main task of state and non-state higher education institutions. Based on the requirements of the advanced HEMIS program of higher education institutions of Uzbekistan, the introduction of independent learning and the prevention of plagiarism in the presentation of independently prepared educational materials are becoming increasingly urgent. The rapid development of the Internet and its programs has led to the fact that students do not prepare independent work using educational literature and scientific sources and upload it to the HEMIS program, but rather blindly submit it with the help of artificial intelligence. However, each independent work should be a discussion-debate in the student who prepared the work, and motivation for science should be formed. This article analyzes relevant considerations about these aspects of independent learning that are relevant today, and the necessary conclusions and proposals are given.