This article analyzes the didactic opportunities of modern educational technologies in improving the process of teaching the Russian language in higher education institutions. The study examines the role of the competency-based approach, digital learning tools, interactive methods, modular educational technologies, and the communicative approach in enhancing the quality of Russian language education. Furthermore, the article reveals the significance of modern pedagogical technologies in developing students’ communicative competence, independent thinking, creative activity, and professional preparedness. The findings of the study contribute to the development of scientific and practical recommendations aimed at modernizing Russian language education and increasing educational effectiveness.

This article broadly analyzes the socio-psychological factors that influence the formation of career choice motivation among upper secondary school students, including family environment, peer group, educational institution, and personal-psychological characteristics. The influence of these factors on professional orientation, interests, and decision-making processes is examined. Based on observations and theoretical analysis, practical recommendations for improving career guidance work in schools have been developed.

This study investigates the influence of light intensity on the main photoelectric parameters of silicon solar cells. An analysis was carried out on the dependences of short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, fill factor, and conversion efficiency on the level of incident radiation. The physical processes of charge carrier generation and recombination, which determine the operation of solar cells under different illumination levels, are examined. It was established that the short-circuit current depends linearly on light intensity, whereas the open-circuit voltage follows a logarithmic relationship. It is shown that variations in illumination give rise to nonlinear effects associated with internal losses and the parameters of the p–n junction. The research results make it possible to identify the factors limiting the efficiency of silicon solar cells and may be used in the optimization of photovoltaic systems.

This article analyzes the semantic, thematic and stylistic features of lexical Arabisms used in Alisher Navoi’s Sufi-biographical work “Nasoyim ul-muhabbat”. The study identifies the functions of Arabic borrowings in expressing religious and mystical concepts, moral and psychological qualities, symbolic color and light meanings, and bookish-scientific terminology. The findings demonstrate that Arabisms in the work operate not only as lexical borrowings but also as key linguistic means that reveal the ideological and aesthetic essence of the text, the Sufi worldview and the concept of the perfect human being. Descriptive, comparative, semantic and stylistic methods are used in the analysis.

This article examines the role of fantasy in children’s literature and its impact on children’s thinking and imagination. Within the framework of Children's Literature, the study analyzes how fantasy elements contribute to cognitive development, creative thinking, and the formation of moral perceptions in children. It also highlights how fantasy narratives enhance problem-solving skills, abstract thinking, and emotional empathy. The works of J. K. Rowling and the fairy tales of Roald Dahl are used as key examples. The findings suggest that fantasy plays an important educational and developmental role in shaping children’s cognitive growth.

This study explores the semantic, pragmatic, and cognitive distinctions between indicative and subjunctive conditionals in English. Indicative conditionals typically convey factual or epistemically possible scenarios, while subjunctive conditionals are used to express hypotheticals or counterfactuals. The paper examines how these two types of conditionals differ in truth-conditions and inferential behavior, highlighting debates over whether they reflect fundamentally distinct meanings or subtler pragmatic differences. Key theoretical perspectives are discussed, including Lewis’s variably strict semantics for subjunctives, material implication with pragmatic enrichment for indicatives, and alternative views such as the conditional assertion and No Truth-Value approaches. Additionally, the study considers the cognitive underpinnings of conditional reasoning, suggesting that the capacity to assert conditionally may precede the formation of fully defined conditional propositions. Despite semantic differences, both indicative and subjunctive conditionals share important patterns in reasoning, such as the failure of Strengthening the Antecedent, indicating overlapping functional roles in human thought. This analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of how conditional structures encode meaning, guide inference, and reflect cognitive strategies in hypothetical reasoning.

The article summarizes the existing literature on system relations and attempts to identify such general types as "paradigmatic fields, semasiological fields, logically understandable (thematic) fields, lexical-thematic groups, lexical-semantic groups" based on the results of the analysis of the dictionary of construction terminology in the onomasiological and semasiological aspects of establishing various lexical-semantic relations within the dictionary and referential correlation with external linguistic series.

This article analyzes the socio-spiritual significance of the Jadid movement that formed in Central Asia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It examines the educational reforms implemented by Jadid enlighteners, innovations in the fields of press, literature, and theater, as well as their efforts in national identity awareness and modernization of society. The article analyzes the activities and ideas of Jadid representatives such as Mahmudkhoja Behbudiy, Abdulla Avloniy, Abdurauf Fitrat, Munavvar qori Abdurashidkhonov, and highlights their contribution to the socio-spiritual life of the region.

This study investigates the optical and structural properties of thermally evaporated cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin films with emphasis on quantum confinement effects associated with nanoscale grains (quantum-dot-like features). CdTe is a II–VI semiconductor with a direct band gap near 1.45 eV and high absorption coefficient in the visible range, making it attractive for photovoltaic and infrared optoelectronic applications. CdTe films were deposited by thermal evaporation onto three substrate types: glass (sample No. 04), photoglass (sample No. 06), and sitall (sample No. 07). Optical spectra were measured in the 200–1200 nm range, revealing strong ultraviolet absorption attributed to high-energy interband transitions. A systematic blue shift of the absorption edge was observed for the sitall-based film, indicating an increase in the optical band gap that is consistent with quantum size effects. Band-gap energies were extracted from Tauc plots for direct transitions, yielding ~1.45 eV for the glass substrate (close to bulk CdTe) and higher values (~1.48–1.52 eV) for photoglass and sitall films. Structural characterization by SEM/EDS and AFM indicates nanoscale grains and a tellurium-rich composition, which is favorable for p-type conductivity. The dielectric response was interpreted using a Drude–Lorentz model, where the Drude term accounts for free-carrier effects that enhance infrared reflectance for photoglass and sitall substrates. The results demonstrate that substrate selection and deposition conditions can tune both the optical band gap and free-carrier response of CdTe films, enabling optimization for solar-cell absorber layers and infrared photodetector applications. Future work will focus on controlled doping and process optimization to improve uniformity and device-relevant performance.

Critical thinking has become an essential component of modern education, particularly in the field of language learning, where learners are expected not only to acquire linguistic knowledge but also to develop analytical and problem-solving abilities. This study investigates the role of critical thinking activities in enhancing language learning processes and improving learners’ communicative competence. Critical thinking activities encourage students to analyse information, evaluate arguments, solve problems, and express independent opinions, thereby promoting deeper engagement with language use in academic and real-life contexts. The research explores how activities such as debates, discussions, problem-solving tasks, reflective writing, case studies, and collaborative projects contribute to language development. These activities support the improvement of speaking, writing, reading, and listening skills while simultaneously fostering learner autonomy, creativity, and confidence. Furthermore, the study examines the relationship between critical thinking and communicative competence, emphasizing that learners who actively engage in analytical tasks tend to demonstrate higher levels of language proficiency and interactional effectiveness.

The expansion of English Medium Instruction (EMI) in higher education has intensified the need for pedagogical approaches that sustain student motivation in linguistically demanding environments. While existing research highlights the challenges of EMI, less attention has been paid to human-centered teaching frameworks that prioritize learners’ psychological and cognitive needs. This paper proposes anthropocentric teaching as a conceptual framework for enhancing student motivation in EMI contexts. Drawing on Self-Determination Theory and contemporary research in applied linguistics, the study develops a model that integrates autonomy, competence, and relatedness with learner-centered instructional practices. The paper argues that anthropocentric teaching can mitigate the motivational challenges associated with EMI by aligning pedagogy with students’ individual needs, experiences, and identities. The framework is contextualized within Uzbek higher education and offers practical implications for teaching and curriculum design.

This article scientifically examines the process of transition of the economy of Uzbekistan to peaceful development in the post–Second World War period. In particular, the study analyzes structural changes in the industrial sector, achieved economic results, missed opportunities, and the limited characteristics of industrial production, as well as their underlying causes and socio-economic consequences based on historical sources and factual evidence.