In order to reveal the essence of the processes of social transformation, the article analyzes the processes leading to structural changes in the state, society, life, activities and worldview of the individual. Also presented are opinions and comments on the impact of the transformation process on the national mentality and national consciousness.

This scientific study analyzes the development of modern educational processes based on international norms and indicators, as well as their adaptation to local conditions. It examines legal education approaches widely applied in global practice, particularly the design of curricula based on competencies, the expansion of academic freedom, and the strengthening of mechanisms for monitoring education quality. These aspects are studied in comparison with reforms in national education policy. In addition, the research explores the challenges that arise in aligning the national legal system with global standards, their socio-legal consequences, and possible solutions. The theoretical foundation of the study is based on the documents of international organizations in the field of education, advanced foreign experiences, and the requirements of national legislation. As a result, conceptual directions have been developed for achieving high-quality indicators in the legal field through improving the content and methodology of education, enhancing staff qualifications, and expanding international cooperation.

This article analyzes the role of international experience and cooperation in ensuring transparency in public administration in Uzbekistan. It examines the mechanisms of implementing openness policies in different countries, particularly in the Scandinavian states, the United States, and the European Union, highlighting their advantages and effective aspects. The study also explores Uzbekistan’s recent reforms aimed at promoting transparency, including the development of the e-government system, the open data portal, the establishment of People’s Reception Offices, and cooperation with international organizations. The article emphasizes the necessity of adapting international practices to local conditions and proposes prospective directions for further advancement of transparency policies.

The article theoretically analyzes the goals, principles, content and methodological foundations of the methodology of independent creative activity of students. Its classification, parameters and methods of assisting in the development of independent creative activity are described.

This article discusses in detail the emergence of the terms Afghan and Pashtun, the origin of the Pashtuns, their place in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and their influence on the politics of these countries. The article also describes in detail the idea of the Pashtuns to establish a state of "Pashtunistan" and attempts to implement it. The position of Afghanistan and Pakistan regarding the Pashtun movement and the policies pursued by the parties are widely covered.

This article analyzes the geopolitical significance of Arctic shipping routes in the context of global climate change, energy security and international cooperation. The main focus is on the role of Russia and China in the development of the Northern Sea Route (NSR), as well as the prospects for their strategic partnership in the Arctic region. The paper examines the international legal aspects of navigation in the Arctic, economic benefits and risks, as well as the geostrategic interests of key global actors. An analysis of existing scientific literature, government strategies and interstate agreements is provided. The results of the study demonstrate the growing importance of the Arctic in world politics and emphasize the need for joint efforts by Russia and China for the sustainable development of the region.

The article examines Japan's modern economic diplomacy. The aim of the study is to analyze the economic potential of the land of the rising sun, as well as its participation in international organizations. The main conclusion is that Japan's economic diplomacy is a powerful tool that combines trade, investment and development assistance to strengthen global and regional influence. The prospects for economic diplomacy are also associated with deepening digitalization, expanding green projects and strengthening regional structures, which will allow Japan to maintain competitiveness in a multipolar world.

This article discusses the influence of philosophical ideas at the stage of the formation of Islamic culture and enlightenment. In particular, the factors and characteristics that influenced the Islamic enlightenment served the scope of the work and the quality of the task. The scientific observations that influenced the gradual development of Islamic culture and values were clarified using the examples of Jewish and Christian sources.

This article analyzes the concept of innovation activity and its role within joint-stock companies, highlighting both theoretical foundations and practical mechanisms of effective innovation governance. It substantiates how innovation, under corporate governance frameworks, influences competitiveness, capital efficiency, stakeholder balance, and economic resilience. The study explores Uzbekistan’s reform agenda, the role of state ownership, foreign investment inflows, and the adoption of modern governance practices to enhance innovation capacity. It also emphasizes the strategic function of corporate governance in directing internal resources toward innovation and achieving sustainable outcomes.

The acquisition of English speaking proficiency represents a multidimensional cognitive-linguistic process, wherein fluency, accuracy, and pragmatic appropriateness converge as core parameters. This paper delineates the intrinsic features underpinning the development of oral communicative competence, with emphasis on psycholinguistic mechanisms, contextual variability, and interactional dynamics. Anchored in contemporary pedagogical paradigms, including Communicative Language Teaching and Task-Based Instruction, the study critically evaluates methodological trajectories and their efficacy in fostering productive speech performance. Particular attention is given to extralinguistic impediments—such as affective filters and intercultural interference—that constrain oral output. The analysis concludes by offering evidence-based pedagogical insights aimed at optimizing the speaking skill acquisition process in ESL contexts.

This article discusses the theoretical foundations and practical importance of using spatial portraits in analyzing the behavior of two-dimensional dynamical systems. The possibilities of graphically representing the states of dynamical systems, determining their stability states, and predicting their long-term behavior are considered.

This article explores the theoretical foundations and practical mechanisms for developing personal creativity. Drawing on psychological, pedagogical, and sociocultural perspectives, the research identifies key factors contributing to individual creative growth. A mixed-methods approach, including a survey of students and educators and experimental tasks, was used to assess the effectiveness of creativity-enhancing strategies. The findings underscore the importance of motivational environments, interdisciplinary learning, and personalized feedback in fostering creative expression. These insights may inform educational reforms and innovation-driven initiatives in developing countries.