This article provides a hermeneutic analysis of the fact that Ibn Miskawayh's views reflected both practical and theoretical parts of the new Platonism. This work, written in Persian and Arabic, is based on the first source.

This article presents a philosophical and irfani study of the essence and significance of trials and tribulations in human life, based on the tafsir "Kashf al-Asrar" by Abulfazl Maybudi. In Islamic irfan, trials and tribulations are considered essential stages of the soul's purification, strengthening of knowledge, and attainment of spiritual perfection. The author, drawing on Maybudi's teachings, shows that trials are not only tests of patience and endurance but also means of achieving true knowledge, divine love, and fana (annihilation) in the will of the Almighty. Tribulations are interpreted as hidden divine gifts that guide a person from superficial perception toward a deeper understanding of existence and inner mission. The article systematically and deeply reveals the impact of trials on self-knowledge, the strengthening of willpower, and the development of a person's spiritual journey.

The article examines the socio-philosophical foundations of social justice and inclusive development as key components of the sustainable development concept. Special attention is paid to the philosophical understanding of social justice in the context of global challenges and its implementation in Uzbekistan's development strategy. The research analyzes the relationship between sustainable development goals and principles of social justice, inclusivity, and equity. The study reveals that achieving sustainable development requires not only economic growth but also equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and benefits among all segments of society. The Uzbekistan experience demonstrates an original approach to integrating social justice principles with national values and modernization processes.

This article examines the characteristics and primary causes of intervertebral disc herniation, one of the most common spinal disorders. It describes the anatomical and physiological characteristics of intervertebral discs, the mechanisms of degenerative changes, and the clinical manifestations of the disease depending on the location of the herniation. Particular attention is paid to risk factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, excess weight, hereditary predisposition, unhealthy habits, and occupational stress. The importance of early diagnosis and timely conservative treatment to prevent surgical intervention is emphasized.

Corporate deadlock constitutes a serious challenge in business governance, particularly in companies with a limited number of shareholders and in partnerships where equal ownership structures create impasses in decision-making. This article examines internationally recognized methods for resolving corporate deadlock, drawing on academic research and the legal frameworks of various jurisdictions. The study analyzes both contractual mechanisms (including mutual control clauses, buy-sell agreements, and casting vote arrangements) and alternative dispute resolution methods (mediation, arbitration, and hybrid approaches). The research demonstrates that the advance inclusion of deadlock resolution provisions in shareholders’ agreements significantly reduces litigation costs and ensures business continuity. The findings indicate that mutual control mechanisms, when properly designed with due consideration of information asymmetry and financial disparities, offer effective solutions, while mediation and arbitration provide flexible alternatives capable of preserving ongoing business relationships. This article contributes to the corporate governance literature by synthesizing empirical evidence on the effectiveness of deadlock resolution mechanisms and by offering practical recommendations for business owners, legal practitioners, and policymakers.

State Security of Uzbekistan: Challenges and Prospects amid Global Transformations. State security in Uzbekistan is analyzed as a cornerstone of national sovereignty and development. In an era of globalization, the country encounters a spectrum of threats ranging from international terrorism and transnational crime to cyber vulnerabilities and geopolitical instability. This article identifies the key challenges to Uzbekistan’s state security, examines their causes and implications, and suggests avenues for strengthening national security mechanisms. Emphasis is placed on the role of civil society, the evolution of the legal framework, and the need for cooperative relations with international partners. Drawing on historical context and current trends, the paper articulates a strategic outlook for developing a resilient and adaptive security system. It advocates a comprehensive approach that integrates legal, social, and technological measures while upholding human rights and promoting sustainable development.

This article analyzes the achievements of contemporary German ecophilosophy, in which the need to fundamentally reconsider humanity's relationship to nature in the context of the global ecological crisis led to the formation of the field of ecophilosophy as an independent and significant direction. Especially since the second half of the 20th century, environmental problems arising as a result of the impact of human activity on nature have led to the unification of philosophical thinking around the category of ecological responsibility. The concept of ecological responsibility has become a concept of not only theoretical, but also practical and praxeological importance. In this regard, German ecophilosophy occupies a special place, since in it ecological responsibility is deeply studied not only from a theoretical and axiological, but also from a praxeological aspect.

The article theoretically explains the process of perceiving human speech and its close connection with auditory and memory mechanisms. It is emphasized that in understanding speech, logical stress, word order, syntactic structure, and the process of comparing speech with existing patterns in memory play an important role. In addition, the theories of scholars such as A.A. Leontiev and I.A. Zimnyaya regarding the stages of speech activity — motivation, planning, implementation, and control — are analyzed. In preschool age, the development of perception is closely linked with thinking, which shapes children’s abilities to analyze, compare, and generalize. Based on the views of scholars such as Ye.I. Tikheeva and B.V. Belyaev, the article scientifically substantiates the interconnected development of speech and cognitive growth in children. The step-by-step development of speech in accordance with children’s age characteristics — the expansion of vocabulary, acquisition of grammatical structures, and use of syntactic patterns — is also widely discussed. The article highlights the development of children’s speech in a social environment, through communication with adults and peers, and the importance of improving speech skills in family and preschool education settings. In conclusion, speech development in preschool age is a decisive factor in a child’s overall psychological development and success in the educational process, and it also serves as an important foundation for developing the ability to learn foreign languages.

This article examines how pragmatic markers in both English and Uzbek conversations are used by men and women. Pragmatic markers are small words or expressions (e.g., “you know”, “well”, “bilasanmi”, “ya’ni”) that help speakers manage conversation in many ways, such as expressing attitude, or softening statements. The article turns to several existing literature about gender and pragmatics and provides relevant examples to show how different is the men and women's use of pragmatic markers in both languages. After discussion, this paper talks about how a better understanding of these patterns can help English language teaching (ELT) as well as cross‑cultural communication.

This article is devoted to the study of methods, possibilities and practical significance of modeling the distribution of air pollution using geographic information systems (GIS). The article describes methods for analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollution based on data from ground monitoring stations, transport and industrial zones, and remote sensing technologies. It is also shown that the models developed using GIS are of practical importance in the application of environmental monitoring, urban planning and sustainable development strategies.

Motivation plays a crucial role in determining learners’ success in acquiring a foreign language. This study investigates the relationship between students’ motivation and their English language achievement among university students in Uzbekistan. A quantitative correlational design was employed using a motivation questionnaire and students’ academic results. The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between motivation and English achievement, indicating that students with higher motivation levels performed better in their English courses. The study also found that intrinsic motivation had a stronger influence on achievement compared to extrinsic motivation. The results highlight the importance of motivational strategies in English language teaching and suggest practical implications for educators.

In recent years, social partnership, that is, cooperation between civil society and the state, has taken an important place in modern public administration. This cooperation is one of the main tools for jointly solving socio-economic problems, assisting in the implementation of the social functions of the state, and strengthening civil society. Uzbekistan is also developing its experience in this direction. This article discusses the theoretical foundations, forms, advantages, problems, and the current situation of social partnership in Uzbekistan.