This article analyzes the socio-spiritual significance of the Jadid movement that formed in Central Asia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It examines the educational reforms implemented by Jadid enlighteners, innovations in the fields of press, literature, and theater, as well as their efforts in national identity awareness and modernization of society. The article analyzes the activities and ideas of Jadid representatives such as Mahmudkhoja Behbudiy, Abdulla Avloniy, Abdurauf Fitrat, Munavvar qori Abdurashidkhonov, and highlights their contribution to the socio-spiritual life of the region.

This study investigates the optical and structural properties of thermally evaporated cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin films with emphasis on quantum confinement effects associated with nanoscale grains (quantum-dot-like features). CdTe is a II–VI semiconductor with a direct band gap near 1.45 eV and high absorption coefficient in the visible range, making it attractive for photovoltaic and infrared optoelectronic applications. CdTe films were deposited by thermal evaporation onto three substrate types: glass (sample No. 04), photoglass (sample No. 06), and sitall (sample No. 07). Optical spectra were measured in the 200–1200 nm range, revealing strong ultraviolet absorption attributed to high-energy interband transitions. A systematic blue shift of the absorption edge was observed for the sitall-based film, indicating an increase in the optical band gap that is consistent with quantum size effects. Band-gap energies were extracted from Tauc plots for direct transitions, yielding ~1.45 eV for the glass substrate (close to bulk CdTe) and higher values (~1.48–1.52 eV) for photoglass and sitall films. Structural characterization by SEM/EDS and AFM indicates nanoscale grains and a tellurium-rich composition, which is favorable for p-type conductivity. The dielectric response was interpreted using a Drude–Lorentz model, where the Drude term accounts for free-carrier effects that enhance infrared reflectance for photoglass and sitall substrates. The results demonstrate that substrate selection and deposition conditions can tune both the optical band gap and free-carrier response of CdTe films, enabling optimization for solar-cell absorber layers and infrared photodetector applications. Future work will focus on controlled doping and process optimization to improve uniformity and device-relevant performance.

This article scientifically examines the process of transition of the economy of Uzbekistan to peaceful development in the post–Second World War period. In particular, the study analyzes structural changes in the industrial sector, achieved economic results, missed opportunities, and the limited characteristics of industrial production, as well as their underlying causes and socio-economic consequences based on historical sources and factual evidence.

This article analyzes the growing importance of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the fields of science and education. In science, AI plays a crucial role in processing complex data, accelerating new discoveries, and optimizing research processes. In education, it enhances the quality of teaching through personalized learning, the creation of educational materials, and the automation of assessment systems. The article thoroughly discusses AI's current capabilities, achievements, and future prospects in these fields. Its integration into scientific and educational systems opens new horizons for innovative development.

This article analyzes the views of Abdurauf Fitrat on family and family relations. The study highlights the thinker's ideas about the role of family in social development, child upbringing, marital relations, the position of women in the family, and spiritual and moral values. The relevance of Fitrat’s ideas presented in his work “Family” for contemporary society is also scientifically discussed.

The article analyzes the study of the problem of Turkestan Jadidism in Turkish historiography based on the IMRAD model. The source basis of the study is dissertations prepared at Turkish universities and the scientific conclusions presented in them. The aim is to reveal how Jadidism was explained in the Turkish scientific environment, which directions were prioritized, and how the role of Turkestan Jadids in education, religion, literature, politics, and socio-economic life was interpreted. The results show that, while Turkestan Jadidism in Turkish historiography was initially interpreted within the framework of the "usuli jadid" schools and the influence of Ismail Gaspirali, in subsequent studies it was evaluated as a complex movement related to Behbudi, Munavvar Qori, Abdurauf Fitrat, Young Bukhara people, the press, national revival, religious reform, and socio-economic development. Each main idea in the article is given with footnotes indicating the page.

This article explores the philosophical perspectives of Abu Ali Ibn Sina on logic. Drawing on his major works such as Kitab al-Shifa, Isharat wa Tanbihat, An-Najat, and Danishnama, the paper analyzes key concepts in logic, including definitions, judgments, inferences, syllogisms, proofs, dialectics, and rhetoric. It also highlights how Ibn Sina, influenced by Aristotle and Al-Farabi, developed and refined the science of logic.

This article analyzes the role of representative power in ensuring social solidarity and cohesion from philosophical and social perspectives. The study examines key functions of representative institutions, including communication, integration, legitimacy, justice, participation, and strategic governance. Drawing on the theories of Jürgen Habermas, Aristotle, and John Rawls, the paper highlights the importance of dialogue, equality, and fairness in democratic decision-making processes. Using the example of Uzbekistan, the article explores the significance of parliament in maintaining social stability and interethnic harmony. The findings demonstrate that representative power functions not only as a political institution but also as a complex socio-philosophical mechanism for sustainable societal development.

In order to scientifically substantiate the effectiveness of the idea of ​​increasing student activity through the use of interactive technologies and to further improve it, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive, systematic and multifaceted analysis of this impact. Because activity as a pedagogical phenomenon is characterized not only by final results, but also by dynamic, procedural and qualitative changes occurring in the educational process itself. Therefore, assessing activity requires a methodological approach that reveals the internal mechanisms of the educational process, not limited to test results or grades.

The article investigates the structural and functional role of the Tashkent agglomeration as the principal driver of tourism market formation and development in Uzbekistan. By integrating agglomeration theory, central place theory, and tourism destination competitiveness frameworks, the study constructs a multi-level analytical model that positions the capital agglomeration as simultaneously a gateway node, an internal destination, and a spatial organizer of national tourism flows. The research draws on statistical data from the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Tourism Development, UNWTO regional reports, and the National Statistics Committee of Uzbekistan for the period 2017–2024. The analysis reveals that the Tashkent agglomeration concentrates approximately 64% of inbound international tourist arrivals, over 80% of licensed tourism enterprise activity, and 70% of national hotel accommodation capacity, confirming its primate role in the national tourism system.

This article examines the prospects of Uzbek companies entering international stock exchanges in the context of global financial integration. Based on a comprehensive review of international and national academic literature, the study analyzes institutional, financial, banking, legal, and cultural factors influencing market access. The findings indicate that successful international listing requires not only financial readiness but also regulatory compliance, investor trust, and strategic adaptation to global market standards.

This article examines the theoretical foundations of using materials and textures in the design of women's outerwear. It analyzes the physical and mechanical properties of materials, as well as their aesthetic and functional significance. Particular attention is paid to the concept of texture and its role in clothing design, as well as the harmonious combination of various materials in the context of modern fashion trends.