This article provides valuable information about the characteristics of the scientific heritage of Mahmud Kashgari, one of the mature experts in the field of linguistics from the Middle Asian region.

Mahatma Gandhi's worldview and philosophical ideas are focused on the problem of man. Because its ideological basis is that man is seen as an important factor. The formation of the ideas of humanism in his teaching did not happen by itself. He relied on religious teachings, ideological theories, and the views of philosophers and thinkers before him. Humanistic education is a long-standing discipline, and the study of this field is becoming increasingly important today. The word humanism has had several definitions. The encyclopedic dictionary of philosophy says: “Humanism (Latin humanus - humanity, humanism) is recognition of the value of a person as an individual, his right to free development and manifestation of his abilities, the definition of human happiness as a criterion for assessing social relations. The concept of “humanism” was reflected in the work of Eastern thinkers, and the ideas of their works influenced the work of European thinkers. Therefore, the most interesting and useful research for everyone is the study of man.

According to the statistics agency of Uzbekistan, the number of vehicles running on an internal combustion engine will be more than 3.2 million in 2023. 74% of them run on compressed natural gas, 24% run on gasoline, and 2% run on electricity and other alternative fuels. Potential customers for tuning hybridization of used cars are cars running on gasoline, and in addition, the economic efficiency of tuning hybridization can be considered in vehicles running on compressed natural gas.

Due to rising fuel prices, pollution and climate change, the world's population has become more and more inquisitive about the efficient use of available energy reserves. It is well known that the internal combustion engine in the light passenger vehicles currently in use around the world is very inefficient during starting and stopping periods. To improve efficiency, reduce emissions and reduce operating costs, the possibility of implementing electric drive design as a retrofit of a pre-existing vehicle has been explored by automakers. As you can see, there are a lot of custom made hybrid electric cars on the market. However, there is a lack of retrofit systems for the millions of internal combustion engines that already exist. The design concept presented in this article involves the use of two electric motors specially designed to be installed as hubs for the rear wheels of the car and powered by an on-board battery. Test results are presented in terms of efficiency and economy, leading to comparisons between retrofitted and non-retrofitted designs. The article shows how performance and savings can be achieved by retrofitting in-wheel electric motors to the rear wheels of front-wheel drive vehicles with internal combustion engines..

This article comparatively reveals the views associated with intuition and its philosophical interpretations. Also based from a scientific point of view are the general methodological problems of intuition and intuitive cognition, the fact that intuitive cognition includes the process of reflecting various properties of an object, as well as the fact that intuitive cognition is not only mathematical, but also logical reasoning.

In this article, the lexicon of the Chinese and Uzbek languages is compared and analyzed based on the modern approach to comparative analysis. Attention is paid to the phenomenon of lexical interference in the process of translating from Uzbek to Chinese, improving students' lexical competence in a foreign language. Difficulties in learning the Chinese language in educational institutions are identified, and modern methods of solving them and developing proposals are presented. The analysis of the structure of the words in Chinese, English and Uzbek languages is considered, classified, their specific features are highlighted and their importance in ensuring the language and the uniqueness of the language is shown. Also, it is to explain more about the quantitative words in Chinese, English and Uzbek languages and to show the similarities and differences between them in comparison with the Uzbek language.

This article provides information regarding the analysis of the procedure for extending the lifetime of railway traction rolling stock, including industrial locomotives, the lifetime of which has expired on the basis of regulatory documents. In addition, information is provided on the list and order of research work that needs to be carried out to assess the residual lifetime of locomotives.

In this article, due to the need for the advantage of the modern methodology of teaching English for teenagers in our country's educational institutions and non-state educational institutions, fundamental, linguistic, sociocultural, and communicative methods of teaching English with the help of modern technologies and using new methodologies are compared, their place in the educational process and the significance of the study was shown and illuminated from the scientific output. ways of teaching English to students using modern pedagogical technologies were discussed.

In this article, the content and levels of improving the structural and functional model of methodical training of future foreign language teachers through the analysis of computer linguistics and the problems of foreign language teaching today provide pedagogical opportunities to prepare them for professional-pedagogical activities. The issues of training future foreign language teachers in a modern way, focusing on the training of specialists with deep knowledge who think creatively, and are able to solve complex social and production problems, are revealed scientifically.

It is known that mutual relations between states are implemented and regulated on the basis of political and legal documents. Relations between Uzbekistan and Israel are conducted based on normative legal documents. These documents include national strategies and bilaterally signed treaties, agreements, agreements, etc., which define the main directions and principles of the independent foreign policy of both countries.

This paper examines the evolution of Tokyo and Osaka from historical castle towns into modern mega-agglomerations. It reviews academic literature on the economic, social, political and demographic factors that drove the rapid expansion of these cities, leading to high population densities and intensified urbanization effects. The article utilizes historical population data, spatial analysis of urban morphology changes, and recent statistical data on the Tokyo and Osaka metropolitan economies. It is found that strategic location, industrialization, transportation infrastructure, rural-urban migration, suburbanization and urban consolidation policies all contributed to Tokyo and Osaka's transformation into megacities. The paper also compares and contrasts the development trajectories, geographic constraints, and agglomeration profiles of the two cities. It concludes by assessing the challenges posed by further megacity expansion in Japan.

Diabetes in the mother causes inflammatory-dystrophic changes in the vascular-tissue structures of the small intestine of the offspring born from them. Morphofunctional disorders in blood vessels play a leading role on the basis of pathomorphological disorders in the small intestine. These processes lead to trophic disturbances, dystrophic and degenerative changes in intestinal tissue structures in the late periods of postnatal ontogenesis.