This study investigates the optical and structural properties of thermally evaporated cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin films with emphasis on quantum confinement effects associated with nanoscale grains (quantum-dot-like features). CdTe is a II–VI semiconductor with a direct band gap near 1.45 eV and high absorption coefficient in the visible range, making it attractive for photovoltaic and infrared optoelectronic applications. CdTe films were deposited by thermal evaporation onto three substrate types: glass (sample No. 04), photoglass (sample No. 06), and sitall (sample No. 07). Optical spectra were measured in the 200–1200 nm range, revealing strong ultraviolet absorption attributed to high-energy interband transitions. A systematic blue shift of the absorption edge was observed for the sitall-based film, indicating an increase in the optical band gap that is consistent with quantum size effects. Band-gap energies were extracted from Tauc plots for direct transitions, yielding ~1.45 eV for the glass substrate (close to bulk CdTe) and higher values (~1.48–1.52 eV) for photoglass and sitall films. Structural characterization by SEM/EDS and AFM indicates nanoscale grains and a tellurium-rich composition, which is favorable for p-type conductivity. The dielectric response was interpreted using a Drude–Lorentz model, where the Drude term accounts for free-carrier effects that enhance infrared reflectance for photoglass and sitall substrates. The results demonstrate that substrate selection and deposition conditions can tune both the optical band gap and free-carrier response of CdTe films, enabling optimization for solar-cell absorber layers and infrared photodetector applications. Future work will focus on controlled doping and process optimization to improve uniformity and device-relevant performance.

Critical thinking has become an essential component of modern education, particularly in the field of language learning, where learners are expected not only to acquire linguistic knowledge but also to develop analytical and problem-solving abilities. This study investigates the role of critical thinking activities in enhancing language learning processes and improving learners’ communicative competence. Critical thinking activities encourage students to analyse information, evaluate arguments, solve problems, and express independent opinions, thereby promoting deeper engagement with language use in academic and real-life contexts. The research explores how activities such as debates, discussions, problem-solving tasks, reflective writing, case studies, and collaborative projects contribute to language development. These activities support the improvement of speaking, writing, reading, and listening skills while simultaneously fostering learner autonomy, creativity, and confidence. Furthermore, the study examines the relationship between critical thinking and communicative competence, emphasizing that learners who actively engage in analytical tasks tend to demonstrate higher levels of language proficiency and interactional effectiveness.

The expansion of English Medium Instruction (EMI) in higher education has intensified the need for pedagogical approaches that sustain student motivation in linguistically demanding environments. While existing research highlights the challenges of EMI, less attention has been paid to human-centered teaching frameworks that prioritize learners’ psychological and cognitive needs. This paper proposes anthropocentric teaching as a conceptual framework for enhancing student motivation in EMI contexts. Drawing on Self-Determination Theory and contemporary research in applied linguistics, the study develops a model that integrates autonomy, competence, and relatedness with learner-centered instructional practices. The paper argues that anthropocentric teaching can mitigate the motivational challenges associated with EMI by aligning pedagogy with students’ individual needs, experiences, and identities. The framework is contextualized within Uzbek higher education and offers practical implications for teaching and curriculum design.

This article scientifically examines the process of transition of the economy of Uzbekistan to peaceful development in the post–Second World War period. In particular, the study analyzes structural changes in the industrial sector, achieved economic results, missed opportunities, and the limited characteristics of industrial production, as well as their underlying causes and socio-economic consequences based on historical sources and factual evidence.

This article analyzes the growing importance of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the fields of science and education. In science, AI plays a crucial role in processing complex data, accelerating new discoveries, and optimizing research processes. In education, it enhances the quality of teaching through personalized learning, the creation of educational materials, and the automation of assessment systems. The article thoroughly discusses AI's current capabilities, achievements, and future prospects in these fields. Its integration into scientific and educational systems opens new horizons for innovative development.

This article contains a comparative analysis of two central anthropological concepts in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche - the concepts of the ideal man and the last man. In the study, the issue of will, morality and values, and the attitude of people with one of these types to their own will are reflected in Nietzsche's views. While the self-defeating aspects of the ideal man, who lives by his values, are examined, the two are compared through the image of the last man, who lives aimlessly.

This article analyzes the views of Abdurauf Fitrat on family and family relations. The study highlights the thinker's ideas about the role of family in social development, child upbringing, marital relations, the position of women in the family, and spiritual and moral values. The relevance of Fitrat’s ideas presented in his work “Family” for contemporary society is also scientifically discussed.

This article analyzes the priorities of the foreign policy of the Republic of Korea, the factors of their formation, and their place in the system of modern international relations. In particular, the strategic alliance with the United States, relations with North Korea, diplomatic activity in the Asia-Pacific region, economic diplomacy, and the importance of security issues in foreign policy are highlighted. Special attention is also paid to the participation of the Republic of Korea in global political processes, its activities within international organizations, and multilateral cooperation mechanisms.

The article analyzes the study of the problem of Turkestan Jadidism in Turkish historiography based on the IMRAD model. The source basis of the study is dissertations prepared at Turkish universities and the scientific conclusions presented in them. The aim is to reveal how Jadidism was explained in the Turkish scientific environment, which directions were prioritized, and how the role of Turkestan Jadids in education, religion, literature, politics, and socio-economic life was interpreted. The results show that, while Turkestan Jadidism in Turkish historiography was initially interpreted within the framework of the "usuli jadid" schools and the influence of Ismail Gaspirali, in subsequent studies it was evaluated as a complex movement related to Behbudi, Munavvar Qori, Abdurauf Fitrat, Young Bukhara people, the press, national revival, religious reform, and socio-economic development. Each main idea in the article is given with footnotes indicating the page.

This article analyzes the formation and development of knowledge from the perspective of semiotic systematization. Knowledge is interpreted as a process through which information about the external world is transformed into a symbolic-cognitive construct by means of sensation, perception, experience, logical generalization, and social agreement. The article examines the emergence of signs, symbols, sounds, words, texts, and concepts, as well as the mechanisms by which they are transformed into knowledge, on the basis of naturalistic, conventional, anthropological, and cognitive approaches. It also distinguishes genetic, artificial, and social forms of knowledge and explains their role in human thought, experience, cultural relations, and the system of formal education.

This article explores the philosophical perspectives of Abu Ali Ibn Sina on logic. Drawing on his major works such as Kitab al-Shifa, Isharat wa Tanbihat, An-Najat, and Danishnama, the paper analyzes key concepts in logic, including definitions, judgments, inferences, syllogisms, proofs, dialectics, and rhetoric. It also highlights how Ibn Sina, influenced by Aristotle and Al-Farabi, developed and refined the science of logic.

Onomatopoeic words in Japanese constitute an independent lexical-semantic system consisting of five groups. One of the most fundamental features of onomatopoeic words in Japanese is the regular, systematic connection between phonetic form and meaning. This article examines the lexico-semantic structural features of onomatopoeic lexicon in Japanese, focusing on the categories of giongo (擬音語) and gitaigo (擬態語), analyzing their classification, phonosemantic isomorphism, and grammatical usage through concrete examples. The article demonstrates that Japanese possesses a uniquely developed onomatopoeic system compared to other world languages.