This article analyzes economic and social cooperation between Uzbekistan and China during the 2023–2026 period. The topic’s relevance stems from China’s emergence as the republic’s largest investor and leading foreign trade partner. The study employs a qualitative analysis of documents, national statistical data, and analytical reviews, utilizing systemic, comparative-descriptive, and structural-functional methods. It was found that accumulated Chinese investment grew from less than $300 million in 2016 to $10.7 billion by mid-2025; the portfolio of joint projects exceeds $58 billion; and bilateral trade turnover reached $17.8 billion by the end of 2025. For the first time, China ranked first in terms of the number of foreign-invested enterprises in Uzbekistan (5,044 companies as of early 2026). New impacts were identified in the social sphere, including workforce training for joint manufacturing ventures, teacher training in China, and regional job creation. The study’s practical significance lies in the systematization of cooperation outcomes and the substantiation of measures to reduce asymmetry in the partnership.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the concepts of time held by Ibn Sina (Avicenna), a representative of medieval Islamic philosophy; Henri Bergson, a figure in 20th-century French philosophy; and Martin Heidegger, a representative of German existential philosophy. The article examines their perspectives on time, methodological approaches, and the similarities and differences between them. The study highlights the continuity and distinctive characteristics found within Eastern and Western traditions of the philosophy of time.

This article analyzes the method of presenting fiqh issues in the work Kifoya by Shaykh Muhammad Sodiq Muhammad Yusuf. The main focus is placed on the form in which rulings related to acts of worship and transactions are presented, and they are studied on a comparative basis with classical Hanafi sources — Mukhtasar al-Wiqaya and Majmaʿ al-Maqsud. During the research, the simplified, systematic, and didactic character of Kifoya, the concise and formulaic structure of Mukhtasar al-Wiqaya, and the detailed and commentary-based approach of Majmaʿ al-Maqsud are identified. As a result, conclusions are drawn regarding the place of these works in the science of fiqh and their methodological differences.

The article examines the development of pupils’ lexical competence in English lessons at general secondary schools by means of digital tools. The concept of lexical competence is analysed on the basis of the views of I.S.P. Nation, N. Schmitt and S. Thornbury, and the form, meaning and use aspects of knowing a word are distinguished. The processes of noticing, retrieval and creative use of a word, together with the spacing effect and the involvement load hypothesis, are justified as the theoretical basis for selecting digital tools. Drawing on her own pedagogical observations, the author proposes a methodological model for using digital tools in line with the stages of word learning. The role of digital flashcards, online quizzes, interactive exercises and learner-created digital products at each stage is presented in table form. Problems of using digital tools are also discussed, including unequal access to devices, distraction from learning goals caused by game elements and the risk of memorising words out of context. The conclusion offers practical recommendations for English language teachers.

The article examines the artistic-aesthetic and semantic features of linguocultural units in the prose of Togay Murad from anthropocentric and linguocultural perspectives. The analysis focuses on culturally marked lexical units, phraseological expressions, proverbs, ethnographic terms, kinship vocabulary and symbolic images found in the novel “Otamdan qolgan dalalar” and the writer’s short prose. The study shows that such units as land, field, father, mother, horse, wrestler, wedding, blessing, honor and homeland function not only as nominative words but also as linguocultural signs embodying historical memory, ethical norms, social experience and emotional evaluation. These units contribute to characterization, strengthen the national spirit of the text, reveal its socio-historical background and shape the writer’s individual style.

This article examines the linguistic expression of national-cultural concepts in Spanish and Portuguese from comparative-linguistic and linguocultural perspectives. The relevance of the study is grounded in the intrinsic relationship between language and culture, as well as the manifestation of the national worldview through lexical, phraseological, paremiological, and metaphorical units. The study analyzes the linguistic expression of concepts carrying national-cultural significance—such as "home/family," "work," "luck," "friendship," "religion," "Homeland," and "human relationships"—in both Spanish and Portuguese. The research methodology incorporates comparative, descriptive, semantic, linguocultural, conceptual, and contextual analysis techniques. The results indicate that while Spanish and Portuguese share similar conceptual models stemming from common historical and cultural experiences, there are significant differences in their specific linguistic realizations, metaphorical imagery, pragmatic characteristics, and associated national connotations. Paremiological units, in particular, emerge as vital linguistic tools for expressing the national worldview. The findings hold practical significance for comparative linguistics, linguocultural studies, translation studies, and the teaching methodology of Spanish and Portuguese.

This article analyzes the psychological conditions for developing professional motivation among future foreign language teachers, based on a four-block pedagogical model (motivational, content, procedural, and outcome-based) developed by the author within her own research. The psychological mechanisms of professional motivation are examined not as an isolated list but through their internal interconnection and concrete manifestations in the process of pedagogical practice. The proposed conceptual table shows how each psychological condition manifests within its corresponding pedagogical block, bringing the theoretical analysis closer to practice.

This article argues that the "social image" and "spiritual image" of a person are of great importance in the development of society in the formation of a national character in the transformation of mentality in the modernization of Uzbek society. Also, the spiritual image of a person is a set of spiritual characteristics that express a person’s inner world, moral qualities, beliefs, worldview, morality, conscience and attitude towards others. It is revealed that it is manifested in a person’s thoughts, words and deeds.

This article analyzes the economic essence of human resources and labor resources management, their theoretical and methodological foundations, and their distinguishing features. The approaches of classical and modern economic schools to these concepts are summarized, and the structural stages of the human resource management process are scientifically substantiated and systematized. The dynamics of labor resources and the employment market in the Republic of Uzbekistan in recent years are also analyzed based on official statistical data and visualized through tables and diagrams. The experience of human resource management in foreign countries was analyzed comparatively, and scientifically based recommendations were developed to improve this system in the context of the national economy.

This article analyzes the economic essence of human resources and labor resources management, their theoretical and methodological foundations, and their distinguishing features. The approaches of classical and modern economic schools to these concepts are summarized, and the structural stages of the human resource management process are scientifically substantiated and systematized. The dynamics of labor resources and the employment market in the Republic of Uzbekistan in recent years are also analyzed based on official statistical data and visualized through tables and diagrams. The experience of human resource management in foreign countries was analyzed comparatively, and scientifically based recommendations were developed to improve this system in the context of the national economy.

This article analyzes the economic essence of human resources and labor resources management, their theoretical and methodological foundations, and their distinguishing features. The approaches of classical and modern economic schools to these concepts are summarized, and the structural stages of the human resource management process are scientifically substantiated and systematized. The dynamics of labor resources and the employment market in the Republic of Uzbekistan in recent years are also analyzed based on official statistical data and visualized through tables and diagrams. The experience of human resource management in foreign countries was analyzed comparatively, and scientifically based recommendations were developed to improve this system in the context of the national economy.

This article discusses the issues of improving the physical fitness of 16-year-old football players during the general training phase of the training period. The study analyzed the impact of scientifically based optimization of the volume and intensity of physical loads during the organization of training on the speed, strength, endurance and general physical fitness indicators of football players. The results obtained show that planning training loads in accordance with individual characteristics and the stage of training is an important factor in increasing sports performance.