The article theoretically explains the process of perceiving human speech and its close connection with auditory and memory mechanisms. It is emphasized that in understanding speech, logical stress, word order, syntactic structure, and the process of comparing speech with existing patterns in memory play an important role. In addition, the theories of scholars such as A.A. Leontiev and I.A. Zimnyaya regarding the stages of speech activity — motivation, planning, implementation, and control — are analyzed. In preschool age, the development of perception is closely linked with thinking, which shapes children’s abilities to analyze, compare, and generalize. Based on the views of scholars such as Ye.I. Tikheeva and B.V. Belyaev, the article scientifically substantiates the interconnected development of speech and cognitive growth in children. The step-by-step development of speech in accordance with children’s age characteristics — the expansion of vocabulary, acquisition of grammatical structures, and use of syntactic patterns — is also widely discussed. The article highlights the development of children’s speech in a social environment, through communication with adults and peers, and the importance of improving speech skills in family and preschool education settings. In conclusion, speech development in preschool age is a decisive factor in a child’s overall psychological development and success in the educational process, and it also serves as an important foundation for developing the ability to learn foreign languages.

This article analyzes the role and methodological approaches of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the formation of independent English language learning competence in higher education institutions. Independent learning competence refers to a student's ability to self-develop, independently acquire language skills, and effectively use digital tools. The article proposes a methodology for individualizing the learning process, increasing motivation, and developing metacognitive strategies using AI tools — chat bots, language applications, and automatic analysis platforms. The effectiveness of the methodology is also assessed based on experimental observations and recommendations are made for its application in the local educational context.

This article highlights the social situation in the country during the rise of the Democratic Party to power in Turkey, the socio-economic life in rural areas, and the negative factors influencing the activities of Turkish farmers.

This article explores the role and effectiveness of innovative technologies in English language teaching within the context of globalization. It analyzes modern digital tools, technology-enhanced learning environments, and their influence on learners’ linguistic competence, motivation, and communicative skills. The study highlights the methodological shift from traditional classroom instruction to technology-driven approaches, emphasizing the need for teachers to adopt new pedagogical models. Recommendations are provided to ensure meaningful integration of technology into English language education.

This article analyzes the characteristics of geographical indications and the mechanisms for guaranteeing product quality from a theoretical and legal perspective. Geographical indications are intellectual property objects whose quality, reputation or other distinctive features are associated with a specific territory. The study highlights the main characteristics of geographical indications: their territorial specificity, historical and cultural significance, as well as the influence of natural and human factors on product quality. The article also examines quality assurance systems: internal control by producers and continuous monitoring by official intellectual property authorities. Special attention is paid to the difficulties of balancing the rights of producers and the interests of consumers, as well as the effectiveness of quality control. The study concludes that a solid legal framework and systematic quality control mechanisms are essential for maintaining the authenticity and reputation of products linked to geographical indications.

This article examines how pragmatic markers in both English and Uzbek conversations are used by men and women. Pragmatic markers are small words or expressions (e.g., “you know”, “well”, “bilasanmi”, “ya’ni”) that help speakers manage conversation in many ways, such as expressing attitude, or softening statements. The article turns to several existing literature about gender and pragmatics and provides relevant examples to show how different is the men and women's use of pragmatic markers in both languages. After discussion, this paper talks about how a better understanding of these patterns can help English language teaching (ELT) as well as cross‑cultural communication.

This paper explores the agricultural terminology of the Hindi language, focusing on its origin, linguistic features, and comparison with Uzbek equivalents. The study reveals that Hindi agricultural terms have deep historical roots, derived from Sanskrit, Persian, and English, and are constantly evolving under the influence of modern technology. The analysis highlights their semantic clarity, cultural relevance, and significance for comparative linguistic research. Introduction. Language reflects every aspect of human activity, including economic and agricultural life. Agriculture plays a vital role in India’s economy, with the majority of the population engaged in farming. As a result, Hindi has developed a rich and diverse system of agricultural terminology. This thesis aims to analyze the structure, meaning, and development of Hindi agricultural terms and to compare them with similar terms in the Uzbek language.

This article is devoted to the study of methods, possibilities and practical significance of modeling the distribution of air pollution using geographic information systems (GIS). The article describes methods for analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollution based on data from ground monitoring stations, transport and industrial zones, and remote sensing technologies. It is also shown that the models developed using GIS are of practical importance in the application of environmental monitoring, urban planning and sustainable development strategies.

This article studies the morphometric changes observed in the wall of the ventricles of the heart of offspring born to parents with diabetes. In the experimental study, the structure of cardiac cardiomyocyte cells, capillary network, and myocardium was analyzed. According to the results, thickening of the heart wall, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and an increase in the amount of interstitial connective tissue were detected in diabetic offspring. These changes were evaluated as early morphological signs of functional disorders in the heart. The results of the experimental study can serve as a scientific and practical basis for studying the effect of diabetes on the structure of the heart of offspring based on in-depth scientific results and developing measures to eliminate the complications and consequences of maternal diabetes in the heart of the offspring.

Motivation plays a crucial role in determining learners’ success in acquiring a foreign language. This study investigates the relationship between students’ motivation and their English language achievement among university students in Uzbekistan. A quantitative correlational design was employed using a motivation questionnaire and students’ academic results. The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between motivation and English achievement, indicating that students with higher motivation levels performed better in their English courses. The study also found that intrinsic motivation had a stronger influence on achievement compared to extrinsic motivation. The results highlight the importance of motivational strategies in English language teaching and suggest practical implications for educators.

This article analyzes the importance of improving code quality and refactoring methods in software development. Improving code quality is a crucial process that ensures the stability, readability, and extensibility of software products. The article examines the main principles of refactoring, its types, and modern techniques. It also highlights the criteria for assessing code quality and their role in the software engineering process. The research results contribute to identifying effective approaches to enhancing software product quality. This work serves as a guide for software engineers and researchers in defining practical directions for code quality improvement.

In recent years, social partnership, that is, cooperation between civil society and the state, has taken an important place in modern public administration. This cooperation is one of the main tools for jointly solving socio-economic problems, assisting in the implementation of the social functions of the state, and strengthening civil society. Uzbekistan is also developing its experience in this direction. This article discusses the theoretical foundations, forms, advantages, problems, and the current situation of social partnership in Uzbekistan.