This article examines how pragmatic markers in both English and Uzbek conversations are used by men and women. Pragmatic markers are small words or expressions (e.g., “you know”, “well”, “bilasanmi”, “ya’ni”) that help speakers manage conversation in many ways, such as expressing attitude, or softening statements. The article turns to several existing literature about gender and pragmatics and provides relevant examples to show how different is the men and women's use of pragmatic markers in both languages. After discussion, this paper talks about how a better understanding of these patterns can help English language teaching (ELT) as well as cross‑cultural communication.

This paper explores the agricultural terminology of the Hindi language, focusing on its origin, linguistic features, and comparison with Uzbek equivalents. The study reveals that Hindi agricultural terms have deep historical roots, derived from Sanskrit, Persian, and English, and are constantly evolving under the influence of modern technology. The analysis highlights their semantic clarity, cultural relevance, and significance for comparative linguistic research. Introduction. Language reflects every aspect of human activity, including economic and agricultural life. Agriculture plays a vital role in India’s economy, with the majority of the population engaged in farming. As a result, Hindi has developed a rich and diverse system of agricultural terminology. This thesis aims to analyze the structure, meaning, and development of Hindi agricultural terms and to compare them with similar terms in the Uzbek language.

This article is devoted to the study of methods, possibilities and practical significance of modeling the distribution of air pollution using geographic information systems (GIS). The article describes methods for analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollution based on data from ground monitoring stations, transport and industrial zones, and remote sensing technologies. It is also shown that the models developed using GIS are of practical importance in the application of environmental monitoring, urban planning and sustainable development strategies.

This article studies the morphometric changes observed in the wall of the ventricles of the heart of offspring born to parents with diabetes. In the experimental study, the structure of cardiac cardiomyocyte cells, capillary network, and myocardium was analyzed. According to the results, thickening of the heart wall, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and an increase in the amount of interstitial connective tissue were detected in diabetic offspring. These changes were evaluated as early morphological signs of functional disorders in the heart. The results of the experimental study can serve as a scientific and practical basis for studying the effect of diabetes on the structure of the heart of offspring based on in-depth scientific results and developing measures to eliminate the complications and consequences of maternal diabetes in the heart of the offspring.

Motivation plays a crucial role in determining learners’ success in acquiring a foreign language. This study investigates the relationship between students’ motivation and their English language achievement among university students in Uzbekistan. A quantitative correlational design was employed using a motivation questionnaire and students’ academic results. The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between motivation and English achievement, indicating that students with higher motivation levels performed better in their English courses. The study also found that intrinsic motivation had a stronger influence on achievement compared to extrinsic motivation. The results highlight the importance of motivational strategies in English language teaching and suggest practical implications for educators.

This article analyzes the importance of improving code quality and refactoring methods in software development. Improving code quality is a crucial process that ensures the stability, readability, and extensibility of software products. The article examines the main principles of refactoring, its types, and modern techniques. It also highlights the criteria for assessing code quality and their role in the software engineering process. The research results contribute to identifying effective approaches to enhancing software product quality. This work serves as a guide for software engineers and researchers in defining practical directions for code quality improvement.

In recent years, social partnership, that is, cooperation between civil society and the state, has taken an important place in modern public administration. This cooperation is one of the main tools for jointly solving socio-economic problems, assisting in the implementation of the social functions of the state, and strengthening civil society. Uzbekistan is also developing its experience in this direction. This article discusses the theoretical foundations, forms, advantages, problems, and the current situation of social partnership in Uzbekistan.

In order to reveal the essence of the processes of social transformation, the article analyzes the processes leading to structural changes in the state, society, life, activities and worldview of the individual. Also presented are opinions and comments on the impact of the transformation process on the national mentality and national consciousness.

This аrticle explores the pedаgogicаl аspects of the rehаbilitаtion process of children with disаbilities. It exаmines the role of educаtionаl methods, the professionаl аpproаch of teаchers, аnd their impаct on children’s sociаl аdаptаtion аnd personаl development. Speciаl аttention is given to the interrelаtion between speciаl pedаgogy аnd sociаl rehаbilitаtion, аs well аs the аpplicаtion of educаtionаl technologies аnd innovаtive methods. The findings highlight the importаnce of pedаgogicаl аpproаches in ensuring the successful integrаtion of children with disаbilities into society.

This scientific study analyzes the development of modern educational processes based on international norms and indicators, as well as their adaptation to local conditions. It examines legal education approaches widely applied in global practice, particularly the design of curricula based on competencies, the expansion of academic freedom, and the strengthening of mechanisms for monitoring education quality. These aspects are studied in comparison with reforms in national education policy. In addition, the research explores the challenges that arise in aligning the national legal system with global standards, their socio-legal consequences, and possible solutions. The theoretical foundation of the study is based on the documents of international organizations in the field of education, advanced foreign experiences, and the requirements of national legislation. As a result, conceptual directions have been developed for achieving high-quality indicators in the legal field through improving the content and methodology of education, enhancing staff qualifications, and expanding international cooperation.

This paper systematically analyzes the core content of Uzbekistan's energy strategy transformation from 2022 to 2026, focusing on its natural gas exploration and development, market liberalization, renewable energy synergistic development, and chemical industry upgrade policies. Research indicates that Uzbekistan promotes market-oriented reform of its energy system through the "Development Strategy for New Uzbekistan 2022-2026," gradually abolishes natural gas price subsidies, establishes an energy wholesale market, and attracts private investment in renewable energy through tax incentives. Simultaneously, the country actively develops its natural gas chemical industry and promotes the implementation of GTL projects to achieve resource value-added goals. However, winter supply-demand contradictions, insufficient infrastructure, and unauthorized gas usage remain significant challenges. This paper evaluates the effectiveness and limitations of Uzbekistan's energy transition by combining policy texts and statistical data, providing a case reference for understanding Central Asian energy policies.

The article analyzes the use of digital technologies, data-driven politics, and political PR tools in modern political governance. The author explores the impact of digitalization processes on state-society relations, the effectiveness of decision-making based on big data, as well as the positive and negative aspects of managing public opinion.