During the distillation process, a mixture is heated until it vaporizes, then is recondensed on the trays or at various stages of the column where it is drawn off and collected in a variety of overhead, sidestream, and bottom receivers. The condensate is referred to as the distillate. The liquid that does not vaporize in a column is called the residue.

The article analyzes the phenological views and knowledge used by the Turkic peoples in traditional types of economy, in particular, agriculture, animal husbandry and horticulture, various calendars created on the basis of knowledge collected as a result of observing celestial and natural phenomena, the role and significance of phenological knowledge in agriculture.