This article provides a theoretical analysis of the psycholinguistic and pedagogical essence of listening comprehension skills. Listening comprehension is defined as a receptive type of speech activity, and its nature as an active cognitive process is examined through the perspectives of leading scholars such as J. Field and M. Rost. The article analyzes internal and external factors influencing the success of the listening process, as well as psychological mechanisms (attention, memory, perception, anticipation). A detailed discussion is provided on G. Buck's two-level model (identification and comprehension levels) and the three-stage pedagogical model (pre-listening, while-listening, and post-listening stages) developed by J. Wilson, J. Flowerdew, and L. Miller. The article substantiates the importance of a stage-by-stage approach, the use of metacognitive strategies, and the consideration of psychological factors in developing listening comprehension skills among higher education students.

This article is devoted to the study of methods, possibilities and practical significance of modeling the distribution of air pollution using geographic information systems (GIS). The article describes methods for analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollution based on data from ground monitoring stations, transport and industrial zones, and remote sensing technologies. It is also shown that the models developed using GIS are of practical importance in the application of environmental monitoring, urban planning and sustainable development strategies.

In order to reveal the essence of the processes of social transformation, the article analyzes the processes leading to structural changes in the state, society, life, activities and worldview of the individual. Also presented are opinions and comments on the impact of the transformation process on the national mentality and national consciousness.

This article covers some of the problems encountered in translating scientific and technical terms that are relevant today and their causes. At the same time, in translation research, encountering translation models, i.e. comparative, process and variable models are highlighted. Also, in world translation studies, four standard (explanatory, descriptive, explanatory and predictive) hypotheses are stated and described based on the phenomenon of retranslation.