The legal foundations of environmental relations encompass a complex interplay of national and international laws that govern the interaction between human activities and the natural environment. Recent developments in 2022, 2023, and 2024 have highlighted the increasing importance of environmental law as nations grapple with climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. Key legislative frameworks, such as the Paris Agreement and various regional accords, have underscored the necessity for cooperative governance mechanisms that address transboundary environmental issues. Furthermore, the integration of sustainable development principles into legal systems has prompted a reevaluation of existing laws to ensure they align with contemporary ecological challenges. In addition to international treaties, domestic legal structures are evolving to incorporate more robust environmental protections. The rise of litigation related to environmental harm has led courts to interpret existing laws through an ecological lens, thereby expanding the scope of accountability for corporations and governments alike. Legislative initiatives in 2023 aimed at enhancing public participation in environmental decision-making processes reflect a growing recognition of the role that civil society plays in shaping effective environmental governance. As we move forward into 2024, it is evident that the legal foundations of environmental relations will continue to adapt in response to emerging scientific insights and societal demands for sustainability.

The article examines the ideas of one of the ancient philosophers, Plato, about the concept of freedom. The dynamics of freedom in ancient Greek society is considered. It is shown that freedom is related to the law and the state. The negative aspects of freedom are interpreted. Many studies show that it is not possible to define the concept of freedom in one way, its first interpretations go back to antiquity and can be taken as the basis of all points of view. In the research presented in this article, the societies that do not belong to the ideal state in Plato's socio-political views were considered one by one. As a result of the analysis, it was learned that freedom is condemned as a vice in this society.

At all stages of human history, people have tried to understand the Universe. He tried to study the essence of existence, the laws of its movement. We see that the stages of the formation of mythological, religious and scientific worldviews did not take place in a specific chronological sequence, but in most cases, if we consider them in the context of historicity, they develop one on the other. . For example, despite the fact that it is the 21st century, some elements of the mythological worldview are preserved. At the same time, the religious worldview develops in a spiral, sometimes in a strong and sometimes in a relatively weak form, manifesting itself as a way of understanding the world. The scientific approach to understanding the world, which is an integral part of the philosophical worldview, has undergone great changes, and in some cases, the owners of mythological and religious worldviews use modern scientific achievements to prove their irrational conclusions. If we take into account that all these processes take place a thousand years after the creation of Yusuf Khos Hajib, then we can understand how relevant and innovative the scientist’s views on the phenomenon of enlightenment and knowledge were even for his time.

The article presents the results of sociological research to compare the opinions of ancient philosophers about freedom with different interpretations and modern views. In particular, in the process of comparison, their opinions were considered in addition to their relevance and different from each other, i.e. differentiation sides. Many studies show that it is not possible to define the concept of freedom in one way, its first interpretations go back to ancient times, and they can be taken as the basis of all points of view. In the research presented in this article, an attempt was made to justify these theses through a sociological survey. The results of the research are summarized and the issue of freedom is still relevant today.