This study evaluates the economic efficiency of no-code development platforms using mathematical modelling and comparative scenario analysis. Traditional and no-code development approaches are compared in terms of initial cost, maintenance cost, development time, productivity, return on investment (ROI), net present value (NPV), and approximate payback period. The analysis assumes a six-month evaluation horizon, a gross economic benefit of USD 4,500, and a 10% discount rate. The results indicate that the no-code approach reduces total six-month costs by 85% and development time by 83.3%. The calculated ROI equals 40.6% for traditional development and 837.5% for no-code development. The corresponding NPV values are USD 890.9 and USD 3,610.9. These findings suggest that no-code tools may provide substantial economic advantages for repetitive, standardized, and moderately complex business processes, although platform dependence and limited support for complex algorithms remain important constraints.

This study investigates the optical and structural properties of thermally evaporated cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin films with emphasis on quantum confinement effects associated with nanoscale grains (quantum-dot-like features). CdTe is a II–VI semiconductor with a direct band gap near 1.45 eV and high absorption coefficient in the visible range, making it attractive for photovoltaic and infrared optoelectronic applications. CdTe films were deposited by thermal evaporation onto three substrate types: glass (sample No. 04), photoglass (sample No. 06), and sitall (sample No. 07). Optical spectra were measured in the 200–1200 nm range, revealing strong ultraviolet absorption attributed to high-energy interband transitions. A systematic blue shift of the absorption edge was observed for the sitall-based film, indicating an increase in the optical band gap that is consistent with quantum size effects. Band-gap energies were extracted from Tauc plots for direct transitions, yielding ~1.45 eV for the glass substrate (close to bulk CdTe) and higher values (~1.48–1.52 eV) for photoglass and sitall films. Structural characterization by SEM/EDS and AFM indicates nanoscale grains and a tellurium-rich composition, which is favorable for p-type conductivity. The dielectric response was interpreted using a Drude–Lorentz model, where the Drude term accounts for free-carrier effects that enhance infrared reflectance for photoglass and sitall substrates. The results demonstrate that substrate selection and deposition conditions can tune both the optical band gap and free-carrier response of CdTe films, enabling optimization for solar-cell absorber layers and infrared photodetector applications. Future work will focus on controlled doping and process optimization to improve uniformity and device-relevant performance.

This article provides a theoretical analysis of the psycholinguistic and pedagogical essence of listening comprehension skills. Listening comprehension is defined as a receptive type of speech activity, and its nature as an active cognitive process is examined through the perspectives of leading scholars such as J. Field and M. Rost. The article analyzes internal and external factors influencing the success of the listening process, as well as psychological mechanisms (attention, memory, perception, anticipation). A detailed discussion is provided on G. Buck's two-level model (identification and comprehension levels) and the three-stage pedagogical model (pre-listening, while-listening, and post-listening stages) developed by J. Wilson, J. Flowerdew, and L. Miller. The article substantiates the importance of a stage-by-stage approach, the use of metacognitive strategies, and the consideration of psychological factors in developing listening comprehension skills among higher education students.

This article is devoted to the study of methods, possibilities and practical significance of modeling the distribution of air pollution using geographic information systems (GIS). The article describes methods for analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollution based on data from ground monitoring stations, transport and industrial zones, and remote sensing technologies. It is also shown that the models developed using GIS are of practical importance in the application of environmental monitoring, urban planning and sustainable development strategies.

In order to reveal the essence of the processes of social transformation, the article analyzes the processes leading to structural changes in the state, society, life, activities and worldview of the individual. Also presented are opinions and comments on the impact of the transformation process on the national mentality and national consciousness.

This article covers some of the problems encountered in translating scientific and technical terms that are relevant today and their causes. At the same time, in translation research, encountering translation models, i.e. comparative, process and variable models are highlighted. Also, in world translation studies, four standard (explanatory, descriptive, explanatory and predictive) hypotheses are stated and described based on the phenomenon of retranslation.