This article analyzes the economy, population, and natural-geographical features of Soviet Uzbekistan. It provides general information on the geographic location, natural resources, climate, and territorial structure of the Uzbek SSR. It also examines the republic's population growth, its ethnic composition, and differences in population density between cities and villages. The focus is on the economic system formed during the Soviet era, particularly cotton production, irrigated agriculture, industrialization, and the development of transport infrastructure. These research findings are important for understanding economic and demographic processes in Uzbekistan in subsequent periods.