This study investigates the influence of light intensity on the main photoelectric parameters of silicon solar cells. An analysis was carried out on the dependences of short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, fill factor, and conversion efficiency on the level of incident radiation. The physical processes of charge carrier generation and recombination, which determine the operation of solar cells under different illumination levels, are examined. It was established that the short-circuit current depends linearly on light intensity, whereas the open-circuit voltage follows a logarithmic relationship. It is shown that variations in illumination give rise to nonlinear effects associated with internal losses and the parameters of the p–n junction. The research results make it possible to identify the factors limiting the efficiency of silicon solar cells and may be used in the optimization of photovoltaic systems.

The article analyzes the digitalization processes of small businesses in Uzbekistan. The theoretical foundations and practical significance of the use of digital technologies are covered. The reforms implemented within the framework of the "Digital Uzbekistan-2030" strategy have been studied. The advanced experiences of countries such as South Korea and Singapore have been analyzed. The current state of small business digitalization in Uzbekistan, achievements and existing problems have been identified. The main advantages and opportunities of implementing digital technologies are shown. Infrastructure, institutional and financial proposals have been developed for the further development of small business digitalization.

This article reveals the features of creativity development in Russian language classes in elementary school and discusses different teaching methods in Russian language classes taught in the Uzbek language.