This article examines the characteristics and primary causes of intervertebral disc herniation, one of the most common spinal disorders. It describes the anatomical and physiological characteristics of intervertebral discs, the mechanisms of degenerative changes, and the clinical manifestations of the disease depending on the location of the herniation. Particular attention is paid to risk factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, excess weight, hereditary predisposition, unhealthy habits, and occupational stress. The importance of early diagnosis and timely conservative treatment to prevent surgical intervention is emphasized.